rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdomrise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

Marco Polo. At the time Charles was preoccupied with campaigning for the position of emperor and with putting down the Comuneros revolt, so he dismissed Luther as an insignificant heretic. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. He commenced a series of voyages and explorations that culminated in the formation of the Portuguese Empire. Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. answer choices. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. But Francis would never again be as successful as he was at the end of 1516. The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. Francis mounted another war against Charles in 1542, this time allying his forces with the German Protestants of the Schmalkaldic League (see "Augsburg Confession" in Chapter 5). Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. The popes remained in Avignon under French domination until 1377, during a period called the Babylonian captivity (see "Babylonian captivity and the Great Schism" in Chapter 1). Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. in North America. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. Francis was a dashing figure, a man of immense charm who had a lust for life. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. . Soon after being crowned, she married Philip of Spain (soon to be King Philip II), but Parliament prevented him from taking the English throne along with his wife. In the process, he helped bring the Italian Renaissance to France. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. The Carolingian Dynasty (751-887) was a family of Frankish nobles who ruled Francia and its successor kingdoms in Western and Central Europe during the Early Middle Ages. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). In 1511 he joined Spain, the Papal States, and Venice in the Holy League, an alliance directed against France to prevent the French from acquiring territory in Italy. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. The conquest of the American natives by Spanish conquistadors happened within a few decades. Bettmann Archive/Getty Images. No action was taken, however, because the church wanted to win converts and noblemen did not want to lose Moriscan laborers who worked on their estates. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. Attempts were made to colonize Virginia, the territory in North America named in Elizabeth's honor (she was called the "Virgin Queen"). At first all went well for Francis. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. By 1538, when a peace agreement was signed in Nice, France, both sides were financially exhausted. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. Finally, Henry acted on advice from his chief minister, Thomas Cromwell (c. 14851540), and simply announced that the pope had no authority in England. "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. allowed Napoleon Bonaparte to establish a totalitarian dictatorship in France. The Spanish drove the French out of Italy in 1495. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. Table of Contents show. There were two main dynasties that ruled the Franks during the Middle Ages, the Merovingian Dynasty and the Carolingian Dynasty. Spain resumed wars in Italy (161516), however, and then entered the Thirty Years' War by sending troops into Germany (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 8). then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. In the years after that, they were even better. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). 3. Soon he had many enthusiastic followers called Lutherans, who joined him in initiating the Protestant Reformation. timer. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. In transforming the Bourbon kingdom into a constitutional state, the French Revolution aroused intense excitement east of the Rhine. For the time being, the English were content to settle along the eastern England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Inspired by profound religious experiences, Joan felt compelled to lead the French in a holy mission against the English. into numerous small regions, each controlled by a feudal lord. Archaeologists discover 300 burials in ancient Merovingian necropolis. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 made this division official and granted Portugal possession of what is now Brazil. In the eleventh century Christian states in the north of Spain, even though they were not unified, took advantage of Muslim unrest and set out to recapture territories conquered by the Moors. The Spanish won two battles at Genoa and were victorious at nearby Savona and at Aversa in the south. William responded with a document that accused Philip of incest (having sexual relations with family members), adultery (having sexual relations outside marriage), and the murders of both Carlos and Elizabeth of Valois. Children, slaves, and "good Christians" (those people who had sincerely converted to Christianity) numbering in the tens of thousands were allowed to remain in the country. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. Forced to fight for what he considered to be his hereditary rights (his mother was the princess of Portugal), he had sent Alba into Portugal with twenty-two thousand troops. The original settlers from North Africa were the Iberians, and the area now occupied by Spain and Portugal was named the Iberian Peninsula. Here Puritan The ships did not set sail again until July. Arresting two rebel leaders, Lamoral, count of Egmont (15221568), and Philip de Montmorency, count of Hoorn (c. 15181568), Alba established the Council of Troubles. Francis also received a proper noble education in the art of war. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. Page officielle des fans de Rise of Kingdoms. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. Elizabeth was highly educated. Thus, from the outset of their arrival in Spain, Jews were separated from Christians. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. In fact, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. The other countries of Europe did not accept that all of the non-European world should be divided between Spain and Portugal. The first successful English colony in North America was Jamestown, Virginia, which was started in 1607 during the reign of Elizabeth's successor, James I. Anglican settlers were later drawn to surrounding areas in Virginia, and in the 1620s Puritan colonists (a Protestant group) sought religious freedom by starting settlements in New England. By the mid-thirteenth century, the present boundaries of Portugal were established and Lisbon became the capital. or leaving the dominion of Castile. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. An able but somewhat colorless ruler, Henry succeeded in establishing the position of his new dynasty, increasing the efficiency of the government, and enhancing the wealth of the monarchy. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. They had closely studied the advanced civilizations of past times and their own era. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). The heavy Spanish ships headed for open water as the lighter English vessels pursued them. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). In Russian history, what nickname was the first Tzar given for their tyranny? Mission against the English the Military: Chronology in 1495 countries of Europe did not accept that all the. 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